KNOWLEDGE is the cornerstone of development, but unfortunately, NATIVE KNOWLEDGE connoted "reaction" and "static" until recent times. This was due to renovation and technology transference attitudes and procedures which were in the minds of farmers of the developing countries. But with the emergence of economic, social, and environmental problems originating from unmeasured employment of technologies and western culture in developing countries, the post- modernism paradigm and inborn attitude came to light.Under the impact of these developments, ethnic cultures and NATIVE capacities, know ledges and skills of the indigenous people in the participation ground of their own developmental planning was emphacized and Focussed as scientific complementary KNOWLEDGE by especialists.of coure, it is necessary that the indigenous KNOWLEDGE be legalized like the international are, namely, it should become documentary, evaluable, classified and scientific. In this article, while the definition of indigenous KNOWLEDGE is given, its difference from official KNOWLEDGE or the scientific KNOWLEDGE and expamsion of indigenous networks of KNOWLEDGE and its role in stable rural development have been elaborated, and procedures are presented to make it scientific.

This paper aims to study the leadership model, originated from the Quantum Leadership paradigm, in KNOWLEDGE-based companies in the ecosystem of the Islamic Republic of Iran. For this purpose, library studies, profound interviews, observation and questionnaires are used as research tools. Whereas the most important research tool to achieve the research objectives was interviewing the experts dominating it, so qualitative method of data-base theory was used. This process was continued until realizing the “theoretical sufficiency” of interest in data-based method and stopping the interviews was specified with this criterion. Among 15 unfinished and profound interviews, overall 411 key points with indicator codes were specified. These points were conceptualized as abstractive concepts. Explaining and communicating among concepts will form them as items. Output of the mentioned coding resulted in answering the research questions and providing the research model in the form of 24 sub-items, 6 main items and 5 theoretical theorems.

This paper reports on a study designed to explore the role of explicit KNOWLEDGE in general language proficiency and the interplay of explicit and implicit KNOWLEDGE in grammaticality judgments. To this end, 60 students of Tehran International School (30 NSs and 30 NNSs) were selected as the participants. A general proficiency test was used to measure their general language ability. Also, a Grammaticality Judgment Test (GJT) was developed to examine the participants' ability to (i) identify and correct the errors, (ii) verbalize the violated grammatical rules, and to assess (iii) the 'feel' or 'rule' pattern of their judgment. The results revealed that there was a fairly strong relationship between both groups' performance on the two measures. Subsequent analyses of the response patterns on GJT indicated an intricate interplay between explicit and implicit KNOWLEDGE of the test-takers. It concludes with some theoretical and pedagogical implications for SLA researchers and L2 teachers.

Pawley and Syder (1983) pointed out that idiomatic expressions can be discussed in terms of NATIVElike selection (NLS), which refers to the ability of the NATIVE speaker to express his/her intended meaning using an expression that is not only grammatical but also NATIVElike. In the current study, Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to investigate the possible correlations between the variables of language contact (LC), language attitude (LA), and language motivation (LM) integrative (Int.M) and instrumental (Inst.M), age of L2 onset (AoO), and length of exposure to target language (LoE) and English bilinguals’ (EBs) KNOWLEDGE of NLS in an international school—a semi-naturalistic setting. A possible correlation between EB’s NLS scores and their English academic performance (EAP) was examined as well. Moreover, multiple regression analysis was conducted to investigate the factors predicting EB’s NLS KNOWLEDGE. The participants were 281 high school students of mixed gender and ethnicity from an international school in the Philippines. Different questionnaires were used to collect data related to LC, LoE, AoA, LA, and LM. Data concerning NLS KNOWLEDGE and EAP were gathered using a receptive NLS test together with a standardized English test. The results of the correlation analyses indicated that the variables of LC, LoE, Int.M, and AoO were significantly related to EBs’ KNOWLEDGE of NLS. Moreover, a significant positive correlation was found between EB’s KNOWLEDGE of NLS and their EAP. The results of regression analysis yet revealed that the variables of LC, LA, and Int.M predicted EB’s NLS KNOWLEDGE. The findings provided pedagogical implications for those involved in EFL/ESL teaching, particularly in international schools.

The focus of this study is primarily on “the discrepancy in mentality as an important factor affecting family problems and divorce”. For this purpose, some minor studies were conducted each of which experimentally examined different aspects of mental discrepancy in Iranian families. Almost all of these studies showed that permanent disputes and divorces resulted from the differences in their world-views, thinkings, and impressions in their mutual affairs. At last, the theory of Homogamy with two major revisions were used to explain the reasons and causes of family problems and divorce which were confirmed in minor studies and cases.

The course Library Materials and Services for New Literate Adults is the only course for which no suitable text is translated into Farsi. During the last 30 years the topics mostly related to adult basic education courses were presented in this course. But teachers knew that the philosophy of these two courses is not the same and therefore, prepared many suitable topics for their classes. Till now, six books have been published in this regards. Although these books have a lot in common, each includes different parts based on research conducted in Iran, These parts have the potentials to be presented and discussed as topics with rich information for the course. The collected endeavour in this regards lead to topics which may be regarded as NATIVEKNOWLEDGE in library and information studies.

Background and Aim: Recognition of medicinal plants is as old as human culture. Since the beginning of human societies, the use of herbs as a medicine has been common. Given the country's rich historical and cultural history, there is great potential in this area and locals have learned and applied such KNOWLEDGE throughout their long lives in Iran. Methods: This study was conducted to determine the interest and KNOWLEDGE of local people about using NATIVE medicinal herbs in Jubon village. The research method was descriptive-analytical and survey and the main research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire. Its content validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test of 0. 933. Ethical Considerations: In this study, criteria concerned with moral principles as confidentiality, personal satisfaction and freedom of participants in cooperation or non-cooperation during the study process have been observed. Results: The results showed that locals are interested in the use of medicinal plants and always prefer the use of medicinal herbs and especially natural herbs over chemical drugs. Also, the perception of people born or living in different neighborhoods of the village was different from the NATIVE medicinal plants. Conclusion: It can be concluded that rural people can always take care and prevent disease by using medicinal plants in their feed and foods.

Over the recent years, we witnessed the advent and development of KNOWLEDGE discovery approaches, especially data mining along with its particular techniques. There also have been theoretical and approach-centered analyses, studies and processing in qualitative research. The current study has discovered the effective factors in KNOWLEDGE sharing among university faculty members through basic theory data mining. The findings indicated that there are four major factors in KNOWLEDGE sharing among university academic staff including social-affective communication, market pricing, individual growth, internal and external authority factors. Then, a short form of the KNOWLEDGE sharing questionnaire was formulated based on unstructured interviews. Data was collected from a sample of 92 faculty members of Gorgan University. The instrument validation indicated that the 20-item questionnaire had adequate reliability and validity indexes.